A Review of Safety Risk Theories and Models and the Development of a Digital Highway Construction Safety Risk Model

This study conducts a systematic review of safety risk models and theories by summarizing comparing them to identify the best strategies that can be adopted in digital ‘conceptual’ model for highway workers’ safety. A mixed philosophical paradigm was (that used both interpretivism post-positivism couched within inductive reasoning) comparative analysis existing theories. The underlying research question formulated was: develop this proposed model? In total, 607 papers (where each constituted unit secondary data source) were retrieved from Scopus analysed through colour coding, classification scientometric using VOSViewer Microsoft Excel software. reviewed built on earlier with minor upgrades. However, human elements (human errors, risky behaviour untrained staff) remained constant characteristic, which contributed occurrences current future trends risk. Therefore, more proactive indicators such as perception, climate, culture have been included contemporary address contribution events. Highway construction literature is scant, consequently, comprehensive prevention not well examined area. Premised upon rich synthesis data, conceptual recommended, proposes infusing machine learning predictive (augmented inherent resilient capabilities) enable adapt recover an event inevitable predicted incident (referred model). paper presents novel employs algorithms enhance industry. Such contains adaptability recovery mechanisms adjust bounce back when risks are unavoidable. will help prevent unfortunate events time control impact cannot prevented.